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Major Articles in Refereed Journals and Refereed Conference Proceedings: Please note: in Medical Informatics (as in Computer Science), it is common to publish important work in refereed conference proceedings. All publications listed below with asterisks (*) appeared in refereed conference proceedings which were peer-reviewed and which had rejection rates varying from 25% to over 50%, and were not republished elsewhere. As a reflection of their importance, MEDLINE indexes medical informatics conference proceedings (Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, now AMIA Annual Fall Conference; MEDINFO) in the same way it indexes traditional peer-reviewed biomedical journals.

1. Pople HE, Myers JD, Miller RA. DIALOG: A Model of Diagnostic Logic for Internal Medicine. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Publications, 1975:848-855. *

2. Postic B, Delaney JF, Miller RA. Landry-Guillain-Barre Syndrome Following A/New Jersey/76 Vaccine: Case Report. Military Medicine. 1980; 145:561-2.

3. Miller RA, Schaffner KF. The Logic of Problem-Solving in Clinical Diagnosis: A Course for Second-Year Medical Students. J Med Ed. 1982; 57:63-5.

4. Kapoor WN, Karpf M, Maher Y, Miller RA, Levey GS. Syncope of Unknown Origin. The Need for a More Cost-effective Approach to Its Diagnostic Evaluation. JAMA. 1982; 247:2687-91.

5. Miller RA, Pople HE Jr, Myers JD. INTERNIST-1, An Experimental Computer-based Diagnostic Consultant for General Internal Medicine. N Engl J Med. 1982; 307:468-76.

6. First MB, Weimer BJ, McLinden S, Miller RA. LOCALIZE: Computer-Assisted Localization of Peripheral Nervous System Lesions. Comp Biomed Res. 1982; 15:525-43.

7. Miller RA. Diagnostic and Prognostic Decision-making Systems: A Survey of Recent Developments in the United States. In: C.O. Koehler, P. Tautu, G. Wagner, Eds. Der Beitrag der Informationsverarbeitung zum Fortschritt der Medizin. Medizinische Informatik und Statistic series, #50. Proceedings of the 28th Jahrestagung, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Medizinische Dokumentation, Informatik und Statistik. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 1983. *

8. Miller RA. Internist-1/CADUCEUS: Problems Facing Expert Consultant Programs. Meth Inform Med. 1984; 23:9-14.

9. First MB, Soffer LJ, Miller RA. QUICK (QUick Index to Caduceus Knowledge): Using the Internist-I/Caduceus Knowledge Base As An Electronic Textbook of Medicine. Comp Biomed Res. 1985; 18:137-65.

10. Miller RA, Schaffner KF, Meisel A. Ethical and Legal Issues Related to the Use of Computer Programs in Clinical Medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 102:529-36.

11. Miller RA, Kapoor WN, Peterson J. The Use of Relational Databases as a Tool for Conducting Clinical Studies. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Baltimore, MD. IEEE Computer Society, 1985. pp 705-8. *

12. Miller, RA. INTERNIST-1, An Experimental Program for Consultation in General Internal Medicine: A Critical Review of its Approach to the Use of Laboratory Information for Diagnosis. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Meeting of the Japanese Society for Clinical Pathology. Matsumoto, Japan. September, 1985. *

13. Masarie FE Jr, Miller RA, Myers JD. INTERNIST-I PROPERTIES: Representing Common Sense and Good Medical Practice in a Computerized Medical Knowledge Base. Comp Biomed Res. 1985; 18:458-79.

14. Miller RA, Masarie FE, Myers JD. "Quick Medical Reference" for diagnostic assistance. MD Computing. 1986; 3:34-48.

15. Heckerman D, Miller RA. Towards a better understanding of the INTERNIST-1 knowledge base. In: R Salamon, B Blum, M Jorgenson (eds), MEDINFO 86, Washington, D.C, 1986. pp. 22-26. *

16. Miller RA, McNeil MA, Challinor S, Masarie FE, Myers JD. Status Report: The INTERNIST-1 / Quick Medical Reference Project. West J Med. 1986; 145:816-22.

17. Miller RA. From Automated Medical Records to Expert System Knowledge Bases: Common Problems in Representing and Processing Patient Data. Topics in Health Record Management. 1987; 75(3):23-36.

18. Masarie FE, Miller RA. Medical Subject Headings and Medical Terminology: An analysis of terminology used in hospital charts. Bull Med Lib Assoc. 1987; 75:89-94.

19. Miller RA. Computer-based Diagnostic Decisionmaking. Medical Care. 1987; 25(12):S148-S152.

20. Bankowitz RA, Blumenfeld BH, Miller RA. User variability in Abstracting and entering printed case histories with Quick Medical Reference (QMR). Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Washington, DC. IEEE Press. November, 1987. pp 68-73. *

21. Parker RC, Miller RA. Using causal knowledge to create simulated patient cases: The CPCS project as an extension of INTERNIST-1. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Computer Applications Medical Care. Washington, DC. IEEE Press. November, 1987. pp 473-480. *

22. Giuse NB, Giuse DA, Miller RA. Computer-Assisted Multi-Center Creation of Medical Knowledge Bases. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Washington, DC. IEEE Press.November, 1988, pp 583-590. *

23. Lincoln M, Turner C, Hesse B, Miller RA. A Comparison of Clustered Knowledge Structures in Iliad and in Quick Medical Reference. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Washington, DC. IEEE Press. November, 1988, pp 131-135. *

24. Miller RA, et. al. Preparing a Research Grant Proposal in Medical Informatics. Comp Biomed Res. 1989;22:92-101.

25. Bankowitz RA, McNeil MA, Challinor SM, Parker RC, Kapoor WN, Miller RA. A computer-assisted medical diagnostic consultation service: implementation and prospective evaluation of a prototype. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110:824-32.

26. Miller RA. Legal Issues Related to the Use of Medical Decision Support Systems. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 1989; 6:75-80.

27. Berner ES, Brooks CM, Miller RA, Masarie, Jr., FE, Jackson JR. Evaluation Issues in the Development of Expert Systems in Medicine. Evaluation and The Health Professions. 1989;12:270-81.

28. Miller RA, Masarie FE Jr. Use of the Quick Medical Reference (QMR) (R) Program as a Tool for Medical Education. Meth Inform Med. 1989; 28:340-345.

29. Parker RC, Miller RA. Creation of a Knowledge Base Adequate for Simulating Patient Cases: Adding Deep Knowledge to the INTERNIST-1/QMR Knowledge Base. Meth Inform Med. 1989; 28:346-351.

30. Bankowitz RB, McNeil MA, Challinor SM, Miller RA. Effect of a Computer-Assisted General Medicine Diagnostic Consultation Service on Housestaff Diagnostic Strategy. Meth Inform Med. 1989; 28:352- 356.

31. Giuse NB, Bankowitz RA, Giuse DA, Parker RC, Miller RA. Medical Knowledge Base Acquisition: The Role of Expert Review Process in Disease Profile Construction. Proceedings of Thirteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, Washington, D.C., IEEE Press, 1989:105-109.*

32. Wagner MM, Bankowitz RA, McNeil MA, Challinor SM, Janosky JE, Miller RA. The Diagnostic Importance of the History and Physicial Examination as Determined by the Use of a Medical Decision Support System. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC), IEEE Press, 1989:139-144.*

33. Giuse NB, Giuse DA, Miller RA. Medical Knowledge Base Construction as a Means of Introducing Students to Medical Informatics. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Medical Informatics and Education. IMIA: Victoria, BC, May 1989, pp 228-232. *

34. He Yu-sheng, Masarie FE, Miller RA, Zheng Te. Creating a Chinese Language Interface for the Quick Medical Reference (QMR) Program. MEDINFO-89, Beijing, China. October 1989, pp. 900-902. *

35. Miller RA, Masarie FE Jr. The Demise of the "Greek Oracle" Model for Medical Diagnostic Systems. Meth Inform Med. 1990; 29:1-2.

36. Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA. Towards Computer Assisted Maintenance of Medical Knowledge Bases. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1990; 2:21-33.

37. Masarie FE, Miller RA. QMR: A diagnostic decision-support program for internal medicine. Group Practice Journal. 1990; 39:16-25.

38. Miller RA. Why the Standard View is Standard: People, not Machines, Understand Patients' Problems. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1990; 15:581-591.

39. Mabry ME, Miller RA. Distinguishing Drug Toxicity Syndromes from Medical Diseases: A QMR Computer- Based Approach. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care. Washington, D.C. IEEE Computer Society Press. November 1990. pp. 65-71. *

40. Miller RA, Giuse NB. The Medicine in Medical Informatics: Medical Knowledge Bases. Academic Medicine. 1991; 66:15-17.

41. Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA. Knowledge Acquisition in Medicine: Enforcing Consistency. Tenth International Congress on Medical Informatics (MIE 91), Vienna, Austria, August 19-22, 1991. *

42. Shiffman S, Wu AW, Poon AD, Lane CD, Middleton B, Miller RA, Masarie FE, Cooper GF, Shortliffe EH, Fagan L. Building a Speech Interface to a Medical Diagnostic System. IEEE Expert. 1991; 6:41-50.

43. Osheroff JA, Forsythe DE, Buchanan BG, Bankowitz RA, Blumenfeld BH, Miller RA. Physicians' Information Needs: An Analysis of Questions Posed During Clinical Teaching in Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1991(7); 114:576-581.

44. Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Bankowitz RA, Miller RA. Heuristic Determination of Quantitative Data for Medical Knowledge Acquisition. Comp Biomed Res. 1991(3); 24:261-272.

45. Berman L, Miller RA. Problem Area Formation as an Element of Computer-Aided Diagnosis: A Comparison of Two Strategies Within Quick Medical Reference (QMR). Meth Inform Med. 1991; 30(2):90-95.

46. Masarie FE Jr, Miller RA, Bouhaddou O, Giuse NB, Warner HR. An Interlingua for Electronic Interchange of Medical Information: Using Frames to Map Between Clinical Vocabularies. Comp Biomed Res. 1991; 24(4):379-400.

47. Miller RA, Jamnback L, Giuse NB, Masarie FE Jr. Extending the Capabilities of Diagnostic Decision Support Programs through Links to Bibliographic Searching: Addition of "Canned MeSH Logic" to the Quick Medical Reference(QMR) Program for use with Grateful Med. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Washington, D.C., November 1991. *

48. Forsythe DE, Buchanan BG, Osheroff JA, Miller RA. Expanding the Concept of Medical Information: An Observational Study of Physicians' Information Needs. Comp Biomed Res. 1992; 25:181-200.

49. Miller RA, Masarie FE. The Quick Medical Reference (QMR) Relationships Function: Description and Evaluation of a Simple, Efficient "Multiple Diagnoses" Algorithm. Proceedings of MEDINFO 92, Geneva, Switzerland, September 1992. pp. 512-8. *

50. DeCillis A, Giuse DA, Thayer EH, Giuse NB, Miller RA. Using Speech Recognition in Medical Knowledge Acquisition. Proceedings of MEDINFO 92, Geneva, Switzerland, September 1992. pp. 1323-9.*

51. Miller RA, Gieszczykiewicz FM, Vries JK, Cooper GF. CHARTLINE: Providing Bibliographic References Relevant to Patient Charts Using the UMLS Metathesaurus. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. McGraw-Hill. Baltimore, MD., Nov. 1992. pp 86-90. *

52. Miller RA. Taking Inventory of Medical Decision Support Software Development. Meth Inform Med. 1993; 32:9-11.

53. Giuse NB, Giuse DA, Miller RA, Bankowitz RA, Janosky JE, Davidoff F, Hillner BE, Hripcsak G, Lincoln MJ, Middleton B, Peden JG. Evaluating Consensus Among Physicians in Medical Knowledge Base Construction. Meth Inform Med. 1993; 32:137-45.

54. Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA. Consistency Enforcement in Medical Knowledge Base Construction. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1993(5):245-52.

55. Giuse NB Giuse DA Bankowitz RA, Miller RA. Comparing Contents of a Knowledge Base to Traditional Information Sources. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. McGraw-Hill. Washington DC., Nov. 1993. pp. 626-630.*

56. Miller RA. Medical Diagnostic Decision Support Systems - Past, Present, and Future. J Am Med Informatics Assoc, 1994; 1:8-27.

57. Kanter S, Miller RA, Tan M, Schwartz J. Using POSTDOC to Recognize Biomedical Concepts in Medical School Curricular Documents. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1994; 82(3):283-87.

58. Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA. Evaluation of Long-Term Maintenance of a Large Medical Knowledge Base. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1995; 2:297-306.

59. Aliferis CF, Miller RA. On the Heuristic Nature of Medical Decision-Support Systems. Meth Inform Med. 1995; 34: 5-14.

60. Giuse DA, Miller RA. Potholes in the Road to Professionalism in Medical Informatics. Meth Inform Med. 1995; 34:434-440.

61. Aliferis CF, Cooper GF, Buchanan BG, Miller RA, Bankowitz, R, Giuse NB. Temporal Reasoning Abstractions in QMR. Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress on Medical Informatics, MEDINFO '95. IMIA: Vancouver, Canada. 1995; 847-851.*

62. Graber SE, Seneker JA, Stahl AA, Franklin KO, Neel TE, Miller RA. Development of a Replicated Database of DHCP Data for Evaluation of Drug Use. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1996. Mar; 3(2):149-156.

63. Geissbuhler A, Miller RA. A New Approach to the Implementation of Direct Care-provider Order Entry. Proceedings of the 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (Formerly SCAMC). 1996; 689-693. *

64. Aliferis CF, Cooper GF, Miller RA, Buchanan BG, Bankowitz R, Giuse NB. A Temporal Analysis of QMR. J. Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1996; 3:79-91.

65. Stead WW, Borden R, Bourne J, Giuse D, Giuse N, Harris TR, Miller RA, Olsen AJ. The Vanderbilt University Fast Track to IAIMS: Transition from Planning to Implementation. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1996; 3:308-317.

66. Rassinoux A-M, Miller RA, Baud RH, Scherrer J-R. Modeling Principles for QMR Medical Findings. Proceedings of the 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (Formerly SCAMC). Philadelphia, Hanley & Belfus, Inc. 1996:264-268.*

67. Miller RA. Evaluating Evaluations of Medical Diagnostic Systems. (Editorial) J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1996. Nov-Dec;3:429-431.

68. Giuse NB, Huber JT, Kafantaris SR, Giuse DA, Miller DM, Miller RA, Stead WW. Preparing Librarians to Meet the Challenges of Today's Health Care Environment. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1997. Jan-Feb; 4(1):57-67.

69. Miller, RA. A Heuristic Approach to the Multiple Diagnoses Problem. In: Keravnou E, Garbay C, Baud R, Wyatt J.(eds). Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Proceedings of AIME'97. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Series, #1211. Springer:Berlin. 1997, 187-198. *

70. Geissbuhler A, Miller RA, Stead WW. The Clinical Spectrum of Decision-Support in Oncology with a Case Medicine, Proceedings of AIME'97. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Series, #1211. Springer:Berlin. 1997, 235-238. *

71. Miller, RA, Shultz EK, Harrison Jr. JH. Is There a Role for Expert Systems in Diagnostic Anatomic Pathology. Editorial. Human Pathology. 1997. Sep;28(9):999-1001.

72. Miller RA. Predictive Models for Primary Caregivers: Risky Business? Ann Intern Med. 1997. 127(7):565-567.

73. Geissbuhler A, Grande JF, Bates RA, Miller RA, Stead WW. Design of a General Clinical Notification System Based on the Publish-Subscribe Paradigm. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1997; 126-130. *

74. Miller RA, Gardner RM. Summary Recommendations for Responsible Monitoring and Regulation of Clinical Software Systems. Ann Intern Med. 1997. 127(9):842-45.

75. Miller RA, Gardner RM. Recommendations for Responsible Monitoring and Regulation of Clinical Software Systems. . J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1997. 4(6):442-457.

76. Geissbuhler A, Miller RA. Desiderata for Product Labeling of Medical Expert Systems. Internat J Med Informatics. 1997; Dec;47(3):153-163.

77. Rassinoux A-M, Miller RA, Baud RH, Scherrer J-R. Compositional and Enumerative Designs for Medical Language Representation. Proceedings of the 1997 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (Formerly SCAMC). Philadelphia, Hanley & Belfus, Inc. 1997; 620-4. *

78. Rassinoux A-M, Miller RA, Baud RH, Scherrer J-R. Modeling Concepts in Medicine for medical Language Understanding. Methods Inf Med. 1998 Nov;37(4-5):361-72.

79. Cooper GF, Miller RA. An Experiment Comparing Lexical and Statistical Methods for Extracting MeSH Terms from Clinical Free Text. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1998; 5(1):62-75.

80. McCray AT, Miller RA. Making the conceptual connections: the UMLS after a decade of research and development. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 1998; 5(1):129-130.

81. Geissbuhler A, Miller RA. Clinical Application of the UMLS in a Computerized Order Entry and Decision-Support System. Proc AMIA Ann Fall Symp. 1998; 320-324. *

82. Westberg EE, Miller RA. The Basis for Using the Internet to Support the Information Needs of Primary Care. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 1999; Jan/Feb6(1);6-25.

83. Davis JL, Domm JA, Konikoff MR, Miller RA. Attitudes of First-Year Medical Students Toward the Confidentiality of Computerized Patient Records. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 6(1), 1999; Jan/Feb(1):53-60.

84. Brown S, Miller RA, Camp H, Giuse D, Walker H. An Empirical Approach to the Problem of Problems. To be published in Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999.

1. Myers JD, Miller RA, Masarie FE Jr. The Quick Medical Reference Knowledge Base. [Electronic textbook of Medicine]. Available for non-commercial research purposes, 1985-present, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania; available for commercial purposes from FirstDatabank, Inc (subsidiary of Hearst Publishing Corp), San Bruno, California.

2. Miller RA, Masarie FE Jr., Myers JD. The Quick Medical Reference Program (Software Package). Available 1990-present, FirstDatabank, San Bruno, CA. Software development and maintaintenance carried out by CAMDAT and First Data Bank since May 1990.

3. Miller RA (Editor). Proceedings of the 14th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. November, 1990. 1084 pages.

1. Myers JD, Pople HE, Miller RA. INTERNIST: Can Artificial Intelligence Help? In: Connelly, Benson, Burke, Fenderson eds. Clinical Decisions and Laboratory Use. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Chapt. 26, pp 251-69, 1982.

2. Miller RA, Pople HE, Myers JD. INTERNIST-1, An Experimental Computer-Based Diagnostic Consultant for General Internal Medicine. In: Reggia J and Tuhrim S (eds), Computer-Assisted Medical Decision- Making. New York: Springer-Verlag 1985. (Reprinting of 1982 New Engl J Med article).

3. Parker RC, Miller RA. Using causal knowledge to create simulated patient cases: The CPCS project as an Extension of INTERNIST-1. In: Miller PL (ed). Topics in Medical Artificial Intelligence. Computers and Medicine Series, Springer-Verlag, New York. 1988. (Modified from November 1987 SCAMC conference paper by same authors).

4. Miller RA. Knowledge-based Systems in Medical Education. In: Baur MP and Michaelis J (eds). Computer in der Arzteausbildung. Munchen: Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH, 1990.

5. Miller RA. Quick Medical Reference (QMR): A Diagnostic Decision-Support Program Bridging General Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Including Endocrinology). In: Guardabasso V, Rodbard D, Forti G. Computers in Endocrinology: Recent Advances. New York: Raven Press. Serono Symposia Publication Series. 1990. pp. 137-148.

6. Miller RA, Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Geissbuhler A, Apon AW, Stead WW. Opportunities for Training in Biomedical Informatics at Vanderbilt University. Yearbook of Medical Informatics `96. 1996.

7. Giuse DA, Miller RA, Giuse NB. Strategies for Medical Knowledge Acquisition. Handbook of Medical Informatics. Van Bemmel/Musen (Eds.). 1997. 17:277-292.

8. Miller RA, Geissbuhler A. Clinical Diagnostic Decision Support Systems-An Overview. Health Informatics, Berner ES (ed). Springer. 1998; 3-34.

9. Miller RA, Goodman KW. Ethical Challenges in the Use of Decision-support Software in Clinical Practice Ethics, Computing and Medicine. Goodman KW (ed). 1998; 102-115.

10. Geissbuhler A, Miller RA. Computer-Assisted Clinical Decision Support. To be published in Decision Research in Health and Medicine. Chapman G Sonnenberg F (eds). 1999.

11. Goodman & Miller Shortliffe book.

1. Miller RA. A Computer-based Patient Case Simulator. Clinical Research. 1984; 32:651A.

2. Miller RA. Software Review of The INTERNIST (TM). Ann Int Med. (letter) 1984; 101:573.

3. Peterson JR, Miller RA, Kapoor WN. An Alternative to Microcomputers: The Relational Database System on Mainframe Computers. Update: Computers in Medicine. 1985; 3:15-21.

4. Masarie FE Jr, Miller RA, Myers JD. Quick Medical Reference: A Microcomputer-based Diagnostic Tool. Clinical Research. 1986; 34:827A.

5. McNeil MA, Bankowitz RA, Giuse NB, Miller RA. Introducing Computer-Based Education Into the Mainstream Medical School Curriculum. Clinical Research. 1991.

1. Miller RA. Product Review, 'The Internist (TM)'. Ann Intern Med. 1984; 100:622-3.

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