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References

About Delirium

Delirium in Older Persons.
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A research algorithm to improve detection of delirium in the intensive care unit.
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Hospitals battle an insidious complication: delirium in ICU patients, once thought temporary can inflict lasting damage.
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Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum.
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Motoric subtypes of delirium in mechanically ventilated surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients.
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Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit.
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The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium.
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Delirium in older people.
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Understanding international differences in terminology for delirium and other types of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients.
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Delirium superimposed on dementia versus delirium in the absence of dementia: Phenomenological differences.
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Delirium in older emergency department patients: recognition, risk factors, and psychomotor subtypes.
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Delirium in the nursing home emergency department patient.
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Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1384 healthcare professionals.
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The diagnosis of delirium among elderly patients presenting to the emergency department of an acute hospital.
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Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum.
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The incidence of delirium associated with orthopedic surgery: a meta-analytic review.
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Preoperative risk assessment for delirium after noncardiac surgery: a systematic reveiw.
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Assessing neurocognitive outcomes after critical illness: are delirium and long-term cognitive impairments related?
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Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness.
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Does delirium need immediate medical referral in a frail, homebound elder?
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Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients.
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Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill.
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Postoperative delirium in the older patient.
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Monitoring delirium in critically ill patients. Using the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit.
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Delirium in the elderly patient.
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Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care.
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Delirium in the intensive care unit: an under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction.
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Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis, and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals.
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Delirium and Clinical Outcomes

Does delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes? A three-site epidemiologic study.
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Outcomes of older people admitted to postacute facilities with delirium.
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Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease.
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Informed consent in the critically ill: A two-step approach incorporating delirium screening*
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The 6- and 12-month outcomes of older medical inpatients who recover from subsyndromal delirium
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Delirium superimposed on dementia predicts 12-month survival in elderly patients discharged from a postacute rehabilitation facility: a comment
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One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population
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Outcomes associated with delirium in older patients in surgical ICUs
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Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population
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Delirium recognition and sedation practices in critically ill patients: A survey on the attitudes of 1015 Brazilian critical care physicians
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Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial.
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Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardised measures.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem.
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Delirium assessment in the critically ill.
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The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium.
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Outcomes of older people admitted to postacute facilities with delirium.
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Association between delirium resolution and functional recovery among newly admitted postacute facility patients.
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An 18-month prospective cohort study of functional outcome of delirium in elderly patients: activities of daily living.
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Influence of prior cognitive impairment on the severity of delirium symptoms among older patients.
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Post-operative delirium is associated with poor cognitive outcome and dementia.
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The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients.
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Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.
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Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients.
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A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly.
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The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay.
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Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients.
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The risk of dementia and death after delirium.
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Delirium predicts 12-month mortality.
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Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients.
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Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer: a prospective study.
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The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. Definitions, etiologies, and mortalities.
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A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients.
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Pathophysiology of Delirium

Elucidating the pathophysiology of delirium and the interrelationship of delirium and dementia.
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Serum biomarkers for delirium.
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Sepsis-associated delirium.
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C-reactive protein levels predict the incidence of delirium and recovery from it.
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Pathophysiology of delirium in the intensive care unit.
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Low tryptophan levels are associated with postoperative delirium in the elderly.
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Neuroimaging studies of delirium: A systematic review.
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Time-course of Cytokines During Delirium in Elderly Patients with Hip Fractures.
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Sepsis-associated delirium: the pro and con of C5a blockade.
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Plasma tryptophan and tyrosine levels are independent risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients.
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The role of neuroimaging in elucidating delirium pathophysiology.
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Cerebral perfusion changes in older delirious patients using 99mTc HMPAO SPECT.
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Elucidating the pathophysiology of delirium and the interrelationship of delirium and dementia.
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Isoflurane-induced apoptosis: a potential pathogenic link between delirium and dementia.
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Risk Factors for Delirium

A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics.
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A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery.
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The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications.
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An Intervention Integrated into Daily Clinical Practice Reduces the Incidence of Delirium During Hospitalization in Elderly Patients.
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Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in critically ill patients.
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Apolipoprotein E e4 Allele Increases the Risk of Early Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surger.
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Incidence and precipitating factors of delirium after coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Risk factors for the development of early-onset delirium and the subsequent clinical outcome in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients.
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Risk factors for intensive care delirium: a systematic review.
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Symptoms of depression and anxiety after delirium.
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Risk factors for preoperative and postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture.
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Postoperative delirium in the elderly: risk factors and outcomes.
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The Role of Genetics in Delirium in the Elderly Patient.
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Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium.
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Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit.
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Does educational attainment contribute to risk for delirium? A potential role for cognitive reserve.
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Risk factors and prediction of postoperative delirium in elderly hip-surgery patients: implementation and validation of a medical risk factor model.
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Serum biomarkers for delirium.
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Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients.
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Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
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Impaired oxidative metabolism precipitates delirium: a study of 101 ICU patients.
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Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management.
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Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients.
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A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery.
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Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability.
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The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications.
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Delirium risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients.
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Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium.
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Incidence and risk factors for delirium and other adverse outcomes in older adults after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
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Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly.
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Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors.
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Predisposing factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit.
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CAM-ICU Validation Studies and Other Delirium Instruments

Clarifying Confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium.
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Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers.
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Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium.
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Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU).
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Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).
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Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool.
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Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium.
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Sedation Scales and Sedation Protocols

Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial.
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Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients.
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The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients.
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Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS).
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Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery.
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Confirming the reliability of the sedation-agitation scale administered by ICU nurses without experience in its use.
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Motor Activity Assessment Scale: a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit.
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Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.
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Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation.
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Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale.
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Sedation and Delirium Clinical Practice Guidelines

Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population
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Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult.
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Implementation of Delirium Monitoring

Implementation, reliability testing, and compliance monitoring of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit in trauma patients.
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A research algorithm to improve detection of delirium in the intensive care unit.
Read more >

Delirium assessment in the critically ill.
Read more >

Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardised measures.
Read more >

Assessment of delirium in the intensive care unit: nursing practices and perceptions.
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Defining delirium for the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision.
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Comparison of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) for delirium in critical care patients gives high agreement rate(s).
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Are nurses recognizing delirium? A systematic review.
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Intensive care delirium monitoring and standardised treatment: a complete survey of Dutch Intensive Care Units.
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A comparison of the CAM-ICU and the Neecham Confusion Scale in intensive care delirium assessment: an observational study in non-intubated patients.
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Validity and Reliability of the CAM-ICU Flowsheet to diagnose delirium in surgical ICU patients.
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Occurrence of delirium is severely underestimated in the ICU during daily care.
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Comparison of delirium assessment tools in a mixed intensive care unit.
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Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers.
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Prevention and Treatment Delirium

A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients.
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Multicomponent geriatric intervention for elderly inpatients with delirium: a randomized, controlled trial.
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Antipsychotics for delirium.
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Atypical Antipsychotics versus Haloperidol for Treatment of Delirium in Acutely Ill Patients.
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An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay.
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Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.
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Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
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Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery.
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Prevalence of Delirium with Dexmedetomidine Compared with Morphine Based Therapy after Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study).
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A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients.
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A multifactorial intervention program reduces the duration of delirium, length of hospitalization, and mortality in delirious patients.
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Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting.
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A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients.
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The effect of music listening on acute confusion and delirium in elders undergoing elective hip and knee surgery.
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A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium.
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Delirium: current trends in prevention and treatment.
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Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature.
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Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Effectiveness of interventions to prevent delirium in hospitalized patients: a systematic review.
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A geriatric-anesthesiologic program to reduce acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fractures.
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Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial.
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Mechanical Ventilation

Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients.
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A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Mechanical ventilation in ARDS: a state-of-the-art review.
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Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study.
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Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously.
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Large scale implementation of a respiratory therapist-driven protocol for ventilator weaning.
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Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine.
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Mechanical ventilator weaning protocols driven by nonphysician health-care professionals: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.
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Cognitive, Psychological, and Quality of Life Outcomes Post-ICU Stay

Depressive symptoms and the risk of incident delirium in older hospitalized adults
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Delirium is associated with early postoperative cognitive dysfunction
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Persistent delirium in older hospital patients: a systematic review of frequency and prognosis
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Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease
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Delirium and long-term cognitive impairment
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Long-term cognitive, emotional, and functional outcomes in trauma intensive care unit survivors without intracranial hemorrhage.
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Evidence-based clinical update: general anesthesia and the risk of delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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The role of postoperative analgesia in delirium and cognitive decline in elderly patients: a systematic review.
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Brain dysfunction: another burden for the chronically critically ill.
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Two-year cognitive, emotional, and quality-of-life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature.
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Research issues in the evaluation of cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors.
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Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists.
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Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients.
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The relationship between cognitive performance and employment and health status in long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of an exploratory study.
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Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Psychological problems following ICU treatment.
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Aging in the ICU

Individual delirium symptoms: do they matter?
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Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit.
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Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Optimizing outcomes for older patients treated in the intensive care unit.
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Pediatric Delirium

The paediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (pCAM-ICU): translation and cognitive debriefing for the German-speaking area.
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Case reports with a child psychiatric exploration of catatonia, autism, and delirium.
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Pediatric illness severity measures predict delirium in a pediatric intensive care unit.
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Diagnostic considerations regarding pediatric delirium: a review and a proposal for an algorithm for pediatric intensive care units.
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Individual delirium symptoms: do they matter?
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Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit.
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Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Optimizing outcomes for older patients treated in the intensive care unit.
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Delirium and Neuroimaging

Cerebral perfusion changes in older delirious patients using 99mTc HMPAO SPECT.
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The role of neuroimaging in elucidating delirium pathophysiology.
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White Matter Abnormalities as a Risk Factor for Postoperative Delirium Revealed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging.
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About Delirium

Delirium and Clinical Outcomes

Pathophysiology of Delirium

Risk Factors for Delirium

CAM-ICU Validation Studies and Other Delirium Instruments

Sedation Scales and Sedation Protocols

Sedation and Delirium Clinical Practice Guidelines

Implementation of Delirium Monitoring

Prevention and Treatment Delirium

Mechanical Ventilation

Cognitive, Psychological, and Quality of Life Outcomes Post-ICU Stay

Aging in the ICU

Pediatric Delirium

Delirium and Neuroimaging

 

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